Zur type of the big-camels counts the one-hump-y dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) and the two-hump-y oaf-animal (Camelus ferus). Both is simply also marked as camel. The oaf-animal is the game-form, that only hundred animals in remainders of little, exact numbers are not known, in the desert of Gobi China and the Mongolia occurs. The dromedary exists only as pet. Both forms are among each other across-pure.
Dromedary, Einhöckeriges camel, Camelus dromedarius) The wild predecessors of the dromedary were widespread in Arabia and North-Africa. Between 4000 and 2000 v. Chr. if the dromedary was bred.
Shape The dromedary is high-legged, the torso has an oblong-round form, the neck is long and is bent carried downward. The fleecy, crinkly fur is colored usually brown, however all possible transitions occur between white and black. Waiter and sub-lips overhang at the top. The waiter-lip is split, the slit-shaped nose-holes can be locked. A gland with two Ausführgängen, that a smudgy, smelly secretion isolates above all with the brünstigen stallion, is in the neck. A big horn-callus is on the breastbone, the animal has further calluses at elbows, carpal, knees and heel. The breast-callus forms the base of the lying camel. The hump alters its form according to condition of the animal. its inside consists of bandage and fat-tissue. The body-height amounts up to 2,3 m, the weight for 1000 kg.
Breeding-races The races derived from the dromedary show two types: Reitkamele and load-camels.
Reitkamele are big, high-legged and built more easily. they therefore are fast runners. They are very enough regarding theirs of water and food-demand. The breeding of noble Reitkamele is gone in for with similar passion like the breeding of race-horses. The Meharis from Morocco and the Reitdromedare bred by the Bischarin-Nomaden from the North-Sudan are famous. In contrast to the horses, who stride, d. h., they place Z. B. argues this fore and the left rear foot simultaneously, "überkreuz" (onward), is Paßgänger (d) the camels. h., they set front and rear-feet one body-side each equally-in the time of onward. Therefore, the movement of the back quite resembles the roll of a ship ("desert-ship")!).
Load-camels are coarser and clumsier built as Reitdromedare. The heavy race turned into the Lastentragen and as Zugtier before carts, plows or bred in the Göpel of the Schöpfräder. Water and food-demand of this race is comparatively high.
Climatic claims Hot deserts and semi-deserts are the actual habitat of the dromedary. The spread-area primarily therefore includes Mittelasiens North-Africa, Arabia and parts for itself. The dromedaries don't care anything about the considerable cold of the winter-nights of these areas. Glaring temperature-contrasts seem to promote even its well-being. The fluctuation of the body-temperature of the dromedary between 34 °C and 40 °C can be regarded as adaptation to the climatic circumstances.
Dromedaries can endure water-lack well. In cool weather and juicy food, they make do without water for weeks. Heavy work and hot weather cause higher water-demand. Camels smell waters on big distance. they approach the water-place violently in such cases. The animals guzzle the water in large quantity, a thirsty dromedary can "fill up on" 100-150 liters of those with a Tränkung.
Long one believed that camels store waters in its hump and could therefore "be" for a very long time thirsty. However, this is not the case. Rather its inferior water-demand therefore touches that the animals give away an extraordinarily concentrated urine and excrement and waters save so. Furthermore, camels can regardless of essentially more than other animals of its body-liquid loses, namely up to 40 percent of its weight. They can even out this water-loss again through unique drinking. To the comparison: For the human being, a water-loss of more than 10 percent of its weight can already become critical.
However, the camel-hump serves as energy-storage. Therefore, a badly nurtured camel doesn't have any more hump.
Neglect Several times, it was tried to settle dromedaries outside its home, so in South-Spain, in Texas, Arizona and New-Mexico as well as in Australia, where afterwards it neglected. Today, one estimates this stock of free-living dromedaries at 50 000 or more animals. It is the single wild dromedaries on the world and its social-life is for the science of particular interest.
Capability Reitkamele are very persevering. they run in the amble and stand a trot for hours. With the gallop, however, they tire fast. With rider, a dromedary trots up to 80 km far on one day.
Load-camels carry approximately 150 kg of loads and put back 4 km on that occasion in the hour. So laden, they can overcome up to 50 km of distance on one day. Usually, they only create half of this route barely. On shorter distances, loads are transported until 400 kg.
Reproduction The combination-time goes down in the months January until March. The stallions then become aggressive, fight with its rivals and become vicious opposite the people. At its fights, dromedary-stallions seek to depress each other with the necks to bite after the legs of the opponent, and, to overturn it surprising. The voice consists throttles and bleating of one at this time. Furthermore, camel-stallions grind their teeth clearly audibly.
Occasionally, the bellow-sack becomes evident from the mouth like a barely football-big blister. The bellow-sack is not anything else than the bloated palate-sail. During the Brunft, the stallions generate frothy saliva, that is distributed like shaving cream about the mouth and flies through the area with sudden movement in flakes.
The Tragzeit lasts almost 12 months. The foal already is short up and about after the birth and can follow the mother. The mare has an udder with four teats. Dromedary-milk is fatter than cow's milk with 6,4 percent of fat content. After good one year is disaccustomed the foal. The mares toss every 2 years. With 3 - 4 years, dromedaries are sexually mature. The lifespan amounts to 30 - 40 years.
Food On the basis of its modesty, dromedaries are capable to live in deserts. its food consists of hard, thorny plants like the different acacia-types and hard grass. Tamarisken, Johannisbrotbaum, buck-thorn and Klettgras are among the feed-plants of the camels. The dromedaries don't care anything about thorny plant-food. They require apparently hard, fibrous and bitter plant-materials to its well-being.
Oaf-animal, Zweihöckeriges camel, Camelus ferus) As game-animal, the oaf-animal only occurs in the desert Gobi in tiny remainders. However, a pet-form was bred (Camelus ferus forma bactrianus) beside it already approximately 4500 years ago.
Physique The oaf-animal is more powerful built as the dromedary. The two fat-humps are characteristic on the back. Newborns have only their empty covers, that lie like a pleat on the back, instead of the humps. With young, well-fed animals, the humps stand upright. Suffer, slimmed and older camels are to be recognized by its tipped over or flabby humps.
The Körperbehaarung consists of long, crinkly wool. In the spring, the Behang takes turns in big scrap. After the hair-change, the oaf-animal appears almost bare that the hair of the new fur is so shortly. The sole-surface of the oaf-animal is wider than this of the dromedary. The coloring is usually dark brown, however also reddish-brown and white copies occur.
Environment-adaptations Oaf-animals are inhabitants of the cold-steppes Innerasiens. The conspicuous fur-change is an adaptation to extreme cold (until -30 °C) of the winter and the severe heat of the summer. Cold seems not to impair the oaf-animal at all while summery heat clearly decreases its capability.
Water-lack is endured several days long. The brackish water of the steppe-seas is enjoyable for oaf-animals. they have a distinct salt-demand, that they meet at the salt-surfaces of dried up waters. The wide soles prevent sinking in of the oaf-animals in loose underground on that occasion.
Utilization of the human being The oaf-animal primarily is a load-animal. Inclined felt-blankets protect the Tragtier from bruises particularly in the summer. In the winter, the luxuriant fur is a good protection against the pressure of the load-saddle. Freights of 250 kg of weight are carried 30-40 km wide in a day-march.
In some parts of its spread-area, the camel is put in as Zugtier before cars or sleighs.
Meat, skin, wool and milk of the camels are utilized by the human being. However, "camel-hair" doesn't come from camels but mainly from Asian fur-goats. Camel-manure is dried and is used as fuel.
Reproduction The combination-time lasts from February to April. The camel-mare lays down to covering. The deck-act lasts until half a point. The gone ahead Brunftkämpfe proceed like like with the dromedary. After a Tragzeit of approximately 13 months, the foal was born. With 4 years, oaf-animals are reproductive-capable.
Food Camels of the steppes Innerasiens are depended on dry, hard, thorny plants. As feed-planting are in consideration: Salt-shrubs like the different Saxaul-Arten, reporting, vermouth and here and there poplars.
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