the chimpanzee probably is the most known ape, and in each zoo, the chimpanzee-enclosure steals each other the show. That seems to lie at it that the chimpanzee especially clearly exaggerates our "most human" behaviors grotesquely and imitates, so that often exposed us so marvelously we and catches feels. it also is the most anthropoid monkey externally.
Shape Chimpanzee-women become average 40 kg, men 50 kg heavy, and raised, with what, differently than more final 170 cm, erstere 130 cm of height, reach with the human being - that knee won't push through -. According to origin is hair and skin-coloring properly differently from the wide spread-area in means-Africa's forest-areas from brightly flesh-colored to almost black or stained. Also with onward age, some characteristics change very much: The Behaarung of the head becomes more inferior, its color light ("turn gray"), and that whitish hair-stain vanishes with the child above the anus. it may probably be regarded as "tail-light" of the child, at which the mother can keep it more easily in the dusky forest in the eye. One summarized the different coloring-variations of the Congo-river north to three to four races according to opinion. However, the individual variation-width is already within a chimpanzee-troop so big how approximately with the human being, so that each individual clearly also possesses its personal characteristics here.
Chimpanzees have longer legs and shorter poor in the comparison to the orangutan. The big-toe can clearly be compared with the remaining toes. The Manipulierfähigkeit by hand and foot is excellent consequently.
Social-lives In the homestead, chimpanzees live in relaxed groups, whose composition often changes from day to day. The troops therefore are not solid-joined like approximately with the gorilla long ago so. Sometimes, the animals group after temporary interests, be it for the attaining particular delicacies, be it from sexual intents. Nevertheless, there are means and opportunity to these groups for each member sufficiently of course to proclaim its social position. Of course, physical strength plays a leading role for the social-structure. Powerful men supply its abilities through a "Imponiergehabe" to the show: they straighten up highly, the bent elbows put forward, the hair resists, therefore makes myself big and expresses Imponierlaute like "Uh-uh." Sometimes, they tear out small trees and thrash away at imaginary enemies with it. Also a rhythmic dancing in stamping step is a sign of male superiority which often is supported by drums on all possible objects.
Also with fury and aggressiveness, the powerful chimpanzee-man (the uncontrolled human being makes air through the thump on the table also for its fury) drums. Before such remarks, the weaker and Rangniederen in security scatters as well as. to look to.
This is applicable particularly to the females and children if the men present the "rain-dance." In strong moving and tropics-thunderstorms, the men storm hillside-downward, leap one-armed in "high-spirited" manner about tree-trunks, storm hillside-upward back and repeat the game: one immensely originally appearing elementary-conduct, that the nature-near human being might also execute in its dawn. When normal moving, chimpanzees (and gorillas) remain sitting usually unprotected, cower somewhat together at most and make one somewhat miserably for unfrohen impression.
Reproduction The combination is taken care of without big preparations and preludes in 10 -15 seconds. That is all the more astonishing than all possible behaviors and body-characteristics, that serve the extended sexual Anreizung, are found again and again in the whole vertebrate-area. One thinks only of the splendor-clothes of the birds or the Imponiermarsch of the lizards. However, the variation-width apparently also is big here: Some chimpanzee-men beat the female before the union regularly, others sits together tenderly with it afterward: Nothing human seems foreign to the chimpanzee. The combination-willingness originates from the chimpanzee-female on that occasion, that approximately every 35 days an extremely clearly visible swelling of its sexual-skins in the buttocks experiences. These then tightly pink, lump-nicely working ones sex-signals are presented the men by corresponding postures, that then usually one after the other with the conception-makes ready females the combination carries out. There is not therefore a monogamy here.
However, all adult women and men take care of the children, who were born after a pregnancy of approximately eight months, in moving manner. Twin-births are rare. The mothers cut the umbilical cord of the child, the fruit-water and the afterbirth (what was also told about some original human-trunks) consume. The newborns weigh on average 2000 g. The mother nurses the child for two to three years, and during this time, no new Eisprünge take place with her, so that at the earliest a new pregnancy approximately every three years can enter.
In the age of approximately one year, the children break slowly more and more away from the mother and learn the vital things playfully from this and the group-members. Until the adolescence-beginning with approximately nine years, however, they remain in the mother's spell and then attain one its abilities corresponding position in the respective group.
Nest-construction The respective sleep-nest is together-bent in few more precise means from branches and usually is in very different height on trees. Also to the midday-rest, one usually pulls together some branches to a "Lotterbett" and often roofs it with some wide branches against too strong sun-no-radiation (gorillas sometimes sunbathe lying on the back on the other hand for hours).
Enemies The enemies of the chimpanzees in the homestead probably are above all parasites like thread and tapeworms and infection-illnesses, even the poliomyelitis, leopards, large poison-snakes, however. In the homestead, chimpanzees should become at most 40 years old, in zoos, one registered more than 46 years.
Intelligence The proverbial intelligence of the chimpanzee proved again and again in zoo and circus, in the psychological laboratory and in younger time also in the homestead. Some of the more important results are following:
The German psychologist Wolfgang Köhler had Tenerife on the monkey-station opportunity already since 1912 to test chimpanzees in intelligence-tests. its attempts over tool-use, tool-manufacture and understandable actions with apes are classic examples cleaner and from far too human interpretation of free primate-research. Bamboo-sticks, that were everyone too shortly for itself, about with it one outside the reach lying, to attain sought-after banana, the chimpanzees were in one another, she extended so and gained the fruit. they piled boxes one on top of the other in order to climb on it and that to attain at the room-blanket of hanging banana. Left however to often wish the stability of the crate-tower. The boxes sometimes were in real "chimpanzee-statics" quite crooked one on top of the other-stacked; before however, they together-crashed, the builder could usually just have seized the fruit. Also with help of a pole, that the chimpanzee supplied freely under the banana, about in winch-ropes at its emporzuklettern, while it began to already fall, reached the clever experimental animals its goal. Also dressing of a wood-pole to a "square", with which one could open the door-palace, dominated the chimpanzees in that they right-bit the pole-end quadrilateral.
Also the Russian physiologist I. P. Pawlow studied the mental abilities of the chimpanzees on these and similar manner, and until the row of surprising results about the chimpanzee-intelligence lengthened into the most recent time above all in the USA. it is enough until the mastery of gestures in the type of the deaf-mute-language, in which chimpanzees also talk together, meanwhile, in which they form even new words and properly use. Chimpanzees understand and use complicated "monetary systems" of color-coins, that decided for them, amusements or delicacies in certain value-graduation gives. they don't have to study the respective task with all these tests through attempt and error, even actively therefore must execute it not but can from-play dice the best behavior through "thinking" and "game of the motives" in the theoretical thinking through the different solution-ways.
Some chimpanzees developed also into "painters" in the care of the human being by producing with watercolor and oils of in the abstract working paintings. Long time therefore was one particularly malfreudiger chimpanzee of the London zoo a popular television-star.
Behavior Of these abilities, these apes obviously make use also in the homestead, in that it Z. B. with thirst from moss or chewed up leaves a sponge, with which they mop up waters to drinking from flat rivulets, molds. Popular termites and insect-maggots in tree-trunks "fish" it with help of a Stocherspießes, that the chimpanzees break off, sharpens and into the grub-walks of the insects is in order to then lick the attached exquisite loot. That not rarely chimpanzees its diet in the homestead through fresh-meat of smaller ungulates like antelopes, Dikdiks u. ä., yes even through other monkeys like baboons and Guerezas, improves, is especially remarkable. Is said in this context here that tore such meat-food less despite the cuspid notable with old men and chewed but is drained sooner.
Homestead-studies such to the surprises counted also the "human" greeting-type of the chimpanzees, that meets after longer absence with hand-touch, embrace or even cheeks and lip-kiss. The homestead-examinations of the Dutch group have on beside these studies of Mrs. van Lawick-Goodall, for which were gone in in the dense jungle at the East-shore of the Tanganjikasees, the zoologist Kordtlandt in the savanna-landscape of Tanzania and Guinea sensation excites, because u it. a. a row of different results produced. Tossed Z so. B. the jungle-chimpanzees never aimed according to its opponent with stones or hard fruits and also never used sticks as hit-tools. Differently however, the savanna-chimpanzees behaved opposite a leopard-copy, that one had put into its precinct: with good 2 m long sticks knocked in these chimpanzees on the leopards in "tactically clever" teamwork, that the backbone would certainly have been broken of it with lapel-speeds of 90 hour-kilometers. Stones and sticks were aimed used as throw-objects, with what from below even the type of the warps upward, in the type - as small human-girls do this - is informatively for the human prehistory. Also, the savanna-chimpanzees more frequently went upright on two legs as its jungle-colleagues.
From these and further realizations, one wins the impression that chimpanzees can adapt themselves extraordinarily little to the respective surroundings, because they are less rigidly tied at instinctively anchored behaviors but enormously many can learn.
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